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OSPF and IS-IS: Choosing an IGP for Large-Scale Networks: Choosing an IGP for Large-Scale Networks By Jeff Doyle

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Amazon Sales Rank: #908233 in Books
Published on: 2005-11-11
Released on: 2005-11-01
Original language: English
Number of items: 1
Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 7.10" l, 1.50 pounds
Binding: Paperback
480 pages

From the Back Cover

The practical guide to large-scale networking with OSPF and IS-IS

This is the definitive guide to using OSPF and IS-IS protocols in large-scale IP enterprise, carrier, and service provider networks. Well-known network designer Jeff Doyle draws on his consulting experience, offering realistic advice and straight answers on every aspect of working with link-state protocols—from scalability, reliability, and security to area design and database synchronization.

This book is organized to help network engineers and architects compare OSPF and IS-IS. One feature at a time, Doyle first demonstrates how a topic or feature is implemented in OSPF, and then walks through a similar implementation using IS-IS. Professionals who are relatively new to large-scale networking will welcome his practical introduction to the concepts, goals, and history of link state protocols. Coverage includes

Understanding message types, encapsulation, architecture, LSAs, and LSPs
Optimizing addressing, neighbor discovery, adjacencies, and router designation
Improving scalability: controlling the scope of flooding, link state database size, SPF calculation efficiency, and much more
Designing and operating large-scale networks for maximum security and reliability
Hardening networks to thwart attacks against routing protocols
Comparing OSPF and IS-IS extensibility
Utilizing extensions for MPLS-based traffic engineering, IPv6, and multi-topology routing
Troubleshooting OSPF and IS-IS log entries, debug output, and LS databases

Doyle's thorough explanations, end-of-chapter review questions, and many wide-ranging examples for both Cisco's IOS and Juniper's JUNOS also make this book an exceptional resource for anyone pursuing a CCIE or JNCIE certification.

About the Author

Specializing in IP routing protocols, MPLS, and IPv6, Jeff Doyle has designed or assisted in the design of large-scale IP service provider networks throughout North America, Europe, Japan, Korea, and the People s Republic of China. Jeff is the author of CCIE Professional Development: Routing TCP/IP, Volumes I and II, is an editor and contributing author of Juniper Networks Routers: The Complete Reference. Jeff has presented numerous corporate seminars for Juniper Networks, and has also spoken at NANOG, JANOG, APRICOT, and at IPv6 Forum conferences.

Prior to joining Juniper Networks Jeff was a Senior Network Systems Consultant with International Network Services, where he also specialized in IP routing protocol design. Jeff holds a BA from Memphis State University, and studied Electrical Engineering at the University of New Mexico. Jeff lives in Denver, Colorado with his wife and four children.

OSPF and IS-IS: Choosing an IGP for Large-Scale Networks

Preface

This book is an expansion of a PowerPoint presentation I have used for years in design meetings for IP carrier and service provider networks, comparing and contrasting OSPF and IS-IS. The PowerPoint presentation in turn grew from numerous informal chalk talks I had done for years before that, to address the concerns of engineers who had worked extensively with OSPF but had little or no experience with IS-IS and therefore wondered whether that protocol might be a better fit for their network.

With the growth of large-scale networks, the demand for information on OSPF and IS-IS—and how they compare—continues to increase. To enhance the ability of engineers to access, retain, and reference this information, creating a book was a logical next step in the evolution of my live presentations and seminars. The information in this book certainly reflects the questions, concerns, and challenges that audiences have consistently articulated. I trust readers will find their own business and technical interests addressed herein.

Audience

I have written this book primarily for those engineers and network architects who know OSPF but would like to learn more about IS-IS. For this reason, you will find that for each chapter or section topic I almost always discuss OSPF first, and then IS-IS: The idea is to start you off on familiar ground, discussing how the topic at hand is implemented in OSPF, and then showing how it is implemented in IS-IS.

The book will also be helpful to those who do not already have a rich understanding of OSPF. Perhaps you know OSPF or IS-IS or both at an intermediate level, and you want to deepen your understanding of both protocols. Or perhaps you are one of those rare engineers who knows IS-IS but not OSPF. I have detailed both protocols equally to meet any of these needs.

You will also find the book educational if you are a beginning-level networker who wants to expand your knowledge of link state protocols. Chapter 2 in particular is written for you, to get you through the essential concepts of routing protocols in general and link state protocols in particular, so that you are prepared to tackle the remainder of the book. The chapters are arranged so that they take you from foundation concepts to increasingly more complex ones.

Finally, if you are preparing for a network certification such as Cisco Systems' CCIE or Juniper Networks' JNCIE, you will gain in these pages the essential conceptual understanding of OSPF and IS-IS needed to do well on the test. Configuration and troubleshooting exercises are beyond the scope of this book, however, and you will need to practice solving them via another resource to prepare fully for a certification exam. Review questions are included at the end of each chapter of this book to help you test your comprehension and retention of concepts before moving on to the next chapter. Because the answers are well documented in the body of the chapter, a separate answer sheet is not included.

What Is a Large-Scale Data Communications Network?

OSPF and IS-IS are uniquely appropriate routing protocols for large-scale data communication networks. But how exactly do we characterize such a network? It might be useful to approach a definition by remembering that data communication networks and ideas about them have been around since long before the advent of computers.

For example, when Alexander Graham Bell and Theodore Vail founded American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885, they had no intention of providing telegraph services. But they understood that the network they were building could be used for transmitting more than just telephony signals. They had no clear vision of what those other signals might be, other than knowing that they would be, like telephony signals, representations of information. "Telegraph" reflected Bell's and Vail's anticipation of data communication networks within the understanding of their time.

Wide-area data communication has been around for as long as man has had a need to share information over a range greater than voice can cover. Many ancient civilizations used signal fires to communicate quickly over a long distance. In feudal Japan, villages sent paper lanterns aloft in the evenings, rising on hot air created by the same fire that illuminated them, to notify nearby villages of their safety. Throughout the southwestern United States you can find petroglyphs—carvings of figures and symbols on the sides of rocks—created by hunting, warring, or traveling parties of Native Americans over the centuries. Although some might have been intended as merely decorative, many petroglyphs are thought to be signals and messages left by one party for other parties expected to pass that way. These carvings put an interesting twist on data communications: The signal remains stationary while the transmitting and receiving nodes move around.

Telegraph networks were the first data communications networks using electrical, digital signals. And although they were certainly wide-area—connecting countries and even spanning continents via transoceanic cables—they did not entail the complexity that we assume today when we talk about large-scale networks. Signals were easily originated, routed, and received by human operators, and the network was maintained through human monitoring and intervention.

How, then, do we define a large-scale network? Although the number of nodes and links certainly influences the definition, a definition based solely on numbers is too narrow. Instead, the scale of a network is defined by its complexity. A small-scale network is one that can be easily managed by direct human intervention; hence early telegraph networks could be considered small-scale even though they covered a very large geographic area. In terms of IP networks, a small-scale network is one that can be routed statically and requires no automated management systems. Notice I say can be: A given small-scale network might in fact run a routing protocol or automated management software; just because it can be routed statically does not mean it must be.

As a network grows in complexity, automation becomes more necessary. A mid-sized network is one in which static routing and management by direct human monitoring and intervention are no longer practical. In IP networks, a routing protocol such as RIP is required to maintain forwarding over many paths.

As the network continues to grow, however, the capabilities of automated systems themselves become an issue. As Chapter 2 explains, simple routing protocols such as RIP present problems in complex networks with many routing variables. A large-scale network, then, is one in which the automated network systems must be able to manage the network as a single entity rather than managing individual connections between nodes. Factors to consider in a large-scale network include the following:

Complex interactions between individual nodes
Complex path diversity requiring load balancing, traffic monitoring and distribution, and strong loop avoidance
Complex link metrics
Diverse data transport requirements
Stringent requirements for security and reliability

OSPF and IS-IS can easily be run in a network of any size. But their true value is in their capability to perform consistently as their network domain grows large. No other IGP for IP networks can reliably route the world's largest networks.

A Word on IOS and JUNOS

The examples used throughout this book are provided in either Cisco Systems IOS or Juniper Networks JUNOS. In the early chapters, I occasionally provide examples from both operating systems. However, my intention is to provide you with an understanding of the protocols themselves, not to attempt to teach you a specific operating system. I have used IOS and JUNOS simply because they are the router operating systems I know and have access to. Armed with the information in this book you should be able to pick up a manual from any router vendor and easily configure and troubleshoot OSPF and IS-IS on that vendor's system.

I first and foremost want to thank Catherine Nolan and all of the editorial, production, and marketing staff at Addison-Wesley for the extraordinary patience they had with me and with my long string of missed deadlines. I also want to thank my development editor, Laurie McGuire. This is not the first book Laurie and I have worked on together, and as usual she has made me appear to be a much better writer than I am.

Thanks to my technical reviewers: Eural Authement, Hannes Gredler, Dave Humphrey, Pete Moyer, Mike Shand, and Rena Yang. The experience and depth of knowledge this group represents are incomparable, and no author could ask for a better review team. I would also like to thank Ross Callon, Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker, Paul Goyette, Matt Kolon, Chelian Pandian, and Russ White, and all of my colleagues in the Professional Services group of Juniper Networks, for comments and advice on specific sections of the book.

My wife, Sara, and my children, Anna, Carol, James, and Katherine, are my bedrock. Their support and encouragement have been essential to the success of this book project; and the love, teasing, and laughter they bring into my life is priceless. Without them, I would be adrift.

Finally, I want to thank all of the readers of my previous books. I am honored by the kind comments and generous compliments I have received from around the world, and I hope you find this book to be equally useful.

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